Alleviation of Salt-Induced Adverse Effects on Gas Exchange, Photosynthetic Pigments Content and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Gerbera Jamesonii L. by Exogenous Salicylic Acid Application
Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry,
Page 1-13
DOI:
10.9734/ajraf/2021/v7i230123
Abstract
Aims: The effects of exogenously applied salicylic acid (SA) on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments and chloroplast ultrastructure were investigated in gerbera at their reproductive stage under salt-stressed conditions.
Methodology: A pot experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions at the Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, (30° N/120° E) between February 2008 and March 2009.Plants, pretreated with foliar applications of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 mmoldm-3 SA at the onset of flower initiation were irrigated with 100 mmoldm-3NaCl(aq) for two weeks, starting after three days from the SA pretreatment. Control did not receive either NaCl or SA.Photosynthetic rate, gas exchange, photosynthetic pigments content and chloroplast ultrastructure were investigated against treatments. All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Generalized Linear Model (GLM) using SAS statistical software. Pearson’s correlation test was carried out to study the relationships among the parameters. The means were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT). For all the tests, P< .05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Salt stress adversely affected the gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigment contents and chloroplast ultrastructure. SA application significantly increased the net photosynthesis, stomatal conductivity, intra-cellular CO2 content and transpiration rate but decreased the stomatal limitation, compared to those of untreated salt-stressed plants. Further, the enhanced photosynthetic pigment contents and notably undamaged chloroplast ultrastructure were evident of the ameliorative effects of SA on photosynthetic system under salt stress. Of the two concentrations tested, 0.5 mmoldm-3 SA concentration seemed to have greater effect throughout the experiment showing no significant variation from control in some attributes (chlorophyll contents and chloroplast ultrastructure).
Conclusion: Responses of plants pretreated with SA spraying and significant correlation among them plausibly suggest SA-induced enhancement of photosynthetic system as another target for conferring salt tolerance in crop plants.
Keywords:
- Gerbera
- salt stress
- salicylic acid
- photosynthetic system
- salt tolerance
How to Cite
Kumara, K., Ampitiyawatta, A. D., Padmaperuma, A., Beneragama, C., & Ping, X. Y. (2021). Alleviation of Salt-Induced Adverse Effects on Gas Exchange, Photosynthetic Pigments Content and Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Gerbera Jamesonii L. by Exogenous Salicylic Acid Application. Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, 7(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2021/v7i230123
References
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Khan MIR, Fatma M, Per TS, Anjum NA, Khan NA. Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress Tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants. Front. Plant Sci. 2015;6:462. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00462
Mahajan S, Tuteja N. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Arch BiochemBiophys. 2005;444(2):139–158. DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.10.018
Wang W, Vinocur B, Altman A. Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta. 2003;218(1):1–14.
Yamaguchi T, Blumwald E, Yamaguchi T, Blumwald E. Developing salt-tolerant crop plants: challenges and opportunities. Trends Plant Sci. 2006;10:615-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.10.002
Parida AK, Das AB, Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2005;60(3):324–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.06.010
Paranychianakis NV, Chartzoulakis KS. Irrigation of Mediterranean crops with saline water: From physiology to management practices. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 2005;106(2):171–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.10.006
Janda T, Horváth E, Szalai G,Paldi E. Role of salicylic acid in the induction of abiotic stress tolerance in Salicylic acid: A plant hormone, Springer. 2007;91–150.
Hernández JA, Olmos E, Corpas FJ, Sevilla F, del Río LA. Salt-induced oxidative stress in chloroplasts of pea plants. Plant Sci. 1995;105(2):151–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(94)04047-8
Hernandez JA, Campillo A, Jimenez A, Alarcon JJ, Sevilla F. Response of antioxidant systems and leaf water relations to NaCl stress in pea plants. New Phytol. 1999;141(2):241–51.
Agastian P, Kingsley SJ, Vivekanandan M. Effect of Salinity on Photosynthesis and Biochemical Characteristics in Mulberry Genotypes. Photosynthetica. 2000;38(2): 287–90. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007266932623
Husen A, Iqbal M, Aref IM. IAA-induced alteration in growth and photosynthesis of pea (Pisumsativum L.) plants grown under salt stress. J. Environ Biol. 2016;37:421–9.
Mimouni H, Wasti S, Manaa A, Gharbi E, Chalh A, Vandoorne B, Lutts S, Ahmed HB. Does salicylic acid (SA) improve tolerance to salt stress in plants? A study of SA effects on tomato plant growth, water dynamics, photosynthesis, and biochemical parameters. OMICS J Integr Biol. 2016;20:180–90.
Khan MIR, Asgher M, Khan NA. Alleviation of salt-induced photosynthesisand growth inhibition by salicylic acid involves glycinebetaineand ethylene in mungbean (Vignaradiata L.). Plant PhysiolBiochem. 2014;80:67–74.
Senaratna T, Touchell D, Bunn E, Dixon K. Acetyl salicylic acid (Aspirin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants. Plant Growth Regul. 2000;30(2):157–61. DOI: 10.1023/A:1006386800974
Don KKG, Xia YP, Zhu Z, Le C, Wijeratne AW. Some deleterious effects of long-term salt stress on growth, nutrition, and physiology of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) and potential indicators of its salt tolerance. J Plant Nutr. 2010;33(13):2010–27.
Kapila GDK, Xia Yi, Ping BBMVS, Zhu Zhujun. Ultrastructural changes induced by long-term nacl salt stress in leaf and root cells of gerbera. Indian J Hortic. 2009; 66(4):551–53.
Jini D, Joseph B. Physiological Mechanism of Salicylic Acid for Alleviation of Salt Stress in Rice. Rice Science. 2017; 24(2):97-108.
Klessig DF, Malamy J. The salicylic acid signal in plants. Plant Mol Biol. 1994;26(5):1439–58. DOI: 10.1007/BF00016484
Yildirim E, Turan M, Guvenc I. Effect of foliar salicylic acid applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of cucumber grown under salt stress. J Plant Nutr. 2008;31(3):593–612. DOI: 10.1080/01904160801895118
He YL, Liu Q. Thermotolerance related to antioxidation induced by salicylic acid and heat acclimation in tall fescue seedlings. J Plant PhysiolMol Biol. 2002; 28:89-95.
Khan W, Prithiviraj B, Smith DL. Photosynthetic responses of corn and soybean to foliar application of salicylates. J Plant Physiol. 2003;160(5):485–92. DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-00865
Barkosky RR, Einhellig FA. Effects of salicylic acid on plant-water relationships. J Chem Ecol. 1993;19(2):237–47. DOI: 10.1007/BF00993692
Gunes A, Inal A, Alpaslan M, Eraslan F, Bagci EG, Cicek N. Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zeamays L.) grown under salinity. J Plant Physiol. 2007;164(6):728–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.12.009
Bhatia R, Singh KP, Jhang T, Sharma T. Assessment of clonal fidelity of micropropagated gerbera plants by ISSR markers. Sci. Hortic. 2009;119:208–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2008.07.024
Sonneveld C, Straver N. Nutrient solutions for vegetables and flowers grown in water or substrates. Voedingspolossingen Glas. 1994;8(1)33.
Williams M, Senaratna T, Dixon K, Sivasithamparam K. Benzoic acid induces tolerance to biotic stress caused by Phytophthoracinnamomi in Banksia attenuata. Plant Growth Regul. 2003;41:89–91.
Lichtenthaler HK. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol. 1987;148:350–82.
Meng R, Saade S, Kurtek S, Berger B, Brien C, Pillen K, et al. Growth curve registration for evaluating salinity tolerance in barley. Plant Methods. 2017;13:18. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-017-0165-7
Schober P, Boer C, Schwarte LA. Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation, Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2018;126(5)1763-68. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
NikaljeGC, Variyar PS, Joshi MV, Nikam TD, Suprasanna P. Temporaland spatialchangesin ion homeostasis,antioxidantdefenseand accumulation of flavonoidsand glycolipidin ahalophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. PLo SONE. 2018;13(4):e0193394. Available:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193394
Mäkelä P, Kontturi M, Pehu E, Somersalo S. Photosynthetic response of drought‐and salt‐stressed tomato and turnip rape plants to foliar‐applied glycinebetaine. Physiol Plant. 1999;105(1):45–50.
Heuer B. Photosynthetic carbon metabolism of crops under salt stress.In: Pessarakli M, editor.Handbook of photosynthesis. New York; C.R.C. Press. 1997;887–96. Lazar T, Taiz L, Zeiger E. Plant physiology. 3rd ed. Ann Bot. 2003;91(6):750–51. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcg079
Athar H, Ashraf M. Photosynthesis under drought stress. In: Pessarakli M, editor. Handbook of Photosynthesis. 2nd (Ed.). New York; C.R.C. Press. 2005;795–810.
Dubey RS. Photosynthesis in plants under stressful conditions. Handbook of photosynthesis. Marcel Dekker. 1996;859–75.
Pinheiroa HA, Silva JA, Endres L, Ferreira VM, Câmarac CA, Cabral FF et al. Leaf gas exchange, chloroplastic pigments and dry matter accumulation in castor bean (Ricinuscommunis L) seedlings subjected to salt stress conditions. Ind Crops Prod. 2008;27(3):385–92.
Stevens J, Senaratna T, Sivasithamparam K. Salicylic Acid Induces Salinity Tolerance in Tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum cv. Roma): Associated Changes in Gas Exchange, Water Relations and Membrane Stabilisation. Plant Growth Regul. 2006;49(1):77–83. DOI: 10.1007/s10725-006-0019-1
Li T, Hu Y, Du X, Tang H, Shen C, Wu J. Salicylic acid alleviates the adverse effects of salt stress in Torreyagrandis cv. merrilliiseedlings by activating photosynthesis and enhancing antioxidant systems. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):9:e109492. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109492
Szepesi A, Csiszár J, Bajkán S, Gémes K, Horváth F, Erdei L. Role of salicylic acid pre-treatment on the acclimation of tomato plants to salt-and osmotic stress. ActaBiol Szeged. 2005;49(1-2):123–25.
Rai VK, Sharma SS, Sharma S. Reversal of ABA-Induced Stomatal Closure by Phenolic Compounds. J Exp Bot.1986;37(1):129–34. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/37.1.129
Downton WJS, Grant WJR, Robinson SP. Photosynthetic and stomatal responses of spinach leaves to salt stress. Plant Physiol. 1985;78(1);85–88.
Santos CV. Regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation by salt stress in sunflower leaves. Sci. Hortic (Amsterdam). 2004;103(1):93–99.
Tari I, Csiszár J, Szalai G, Horváth F, Pécsváradi A, Kiss G, et al. Acclimation of tomato plants to salinity stress after a salicylic acid pre-treatment. Acta Biol Szeged. 2002;46:55-56.
El-Tayeb MA. Response of barley grains to the interactive e.ect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regul. 2005;45(3):215–24. DOI: 10.1007/s10725-005-4928-1
Khodary SEA. Effect of salicylic acid on the growth, photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in salt stressed maize plants. Int J Agric Biol. 2004;6(1):5–8.
Mittler R. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 2002;7(9):405–10. DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02312-9
Arfan M, Athar HR, Ashraf M. Does exogenous application of salicylic acid through the rooting medium modulate growth and photosynthetic capacity in two differently adapted spring wheat cultivars under salt stress?. J Plant Physiol. 2007;164(6):685–694. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.05.010
Yamane K, Kawasaki M, Taniguchi M, Miyake H. Pretreatment with Antioxidants Decreases the Effects of Salt Stress on Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Rice Leaf Segments (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Prod. Sci. 2004;7:292–300. DOI: 10.1626/pps.7.292
Foyer CH, Descourvieres P, Kunert KJ. Protection against oxygen radicals: an important defence mechanism studied in transgenic plants. Plant Cell Environ. 1994;17(5):507–23.
Barhoumi Z, Djebali W, Chaibi W, Abdelly C, Smaoui A. Salt impact on photosynthesis and leaf ultrastructure of Aeluropuslittoralis. J Plant Res. 2007;120(4):529–37.
Torgasheva EG. Ultrastructural changes in the chloroplasts of leaf mesophyll in Morus alba (moraceae) under conditions of aluminiumplant. Bot Zhurnal. 1984;69:921-925.
Gao HJ, Yang HY, Bai JP, Liang XY, Lou Y, Zhang JL, et al. Ultrastructural and physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets to gradient saline stress. Front Plant Sci. 2015;13(5):787. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00787 PMID: 25628634; PMCID: PMC4292236.
Mitsuya S, Takeoka Y, Miyake H. Effects of sodium chloride on foliar ultrastructure of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) plantlets grown under light and dark conditions in vitro, J Plant Physiol. 2000;157(6):661–67. DOI: 10.1016/S0176-1617(00)80009-7
Sánchez-Blanco MJ, Rodríguez P, Olmos E, Morales MA, Torrecillas A. Differences in the effects of simulated sea aerosol on water relations, salt content, and leaf ultrastructure of rock-rose plants. J Environ Qual. 2004;33(4):1369–75. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2004.1369
Qiu D, Lin P, Su J. Relationship of leaf ultrastructure of mangrove Kandeliacandel (L.) Druce to salt tolerance. J For Sci. 2005;51:476-80. DOI: 10.17221/4581-JFS
Yamane K, Kawasaki M, Taniguchi M, Miyake H. Differential effect of NaCl and polyethylene glycol on the ultrastructure of chloroplasts in rice seedlings. J Plant Physiol. 2003;160(5):573–75. DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-00948
Günes A, Inal A, Alpaslan M. Effect of salinity on stomatal resistance, proline, and mineral composition of pepper. J Plant Nutr. 1996;19(2):389–96. DOI: 10.1080/01904169609365129
Flowers TJ, Duque E, Hajibagheri MA, McGonigle TP, Yeo AR. The effect of salinity on leaf ultrastructure and net photosynthesis of two varieties of rice: Further evidence for a cellular component of salt-resistance. New Phytol. 1985; 100(1):37–43.
Khan MIR, Fatma M, Per TS, Anjum NA, Khan NA. Salicylic acid-induced abiotic stress Tolerance and underlying mechanisms in plants. Front. Plant Sci. 2015;6:462. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00462
Mahajan S, Tuteja N. Cold, salinity and drought stresses: An overview. Arch BiochemBiophys. 2005;444(2):139–158. DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2005.10.018
Wang W, Vinocur B, Altman A. Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance. Planta. 2003;218(1):1–14.
Yamaguchi T, Blumwald E, Yamaguchi T, Blumwald E. Developing salt-tolerant crop plants: challenges and opportunities. Trends Plant Sci. 2006;10:615-20. DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.10.002
Parida AK, Das AB, Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: A review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2005;60(3):324–49. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2004.06.010
Paranychianakis NV, Chartzoulakis KS. Irrigation of Mediterranean crops with saline water: From physiology to management practices. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 2005;106(2):171–87. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.10.006
Janda T, Horváth E, Szalai G,Paldi E. Role of salicylic acid in the induction of abiotic stress tolerance in Salicylic acid: A plant hormone, Springer. 2007;91–150.
Hernández JA, Olmos E, Corpas FJ, Sevilla F, del Río LA. Salt-induced oxidative stress in chloroplasts of pea plants. Plant Sci. 1995;105(2):151–67. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-9452(94)04047-8
Hernandez JA, Campillo A, Jimenez A, Alarcon JJ, Sevilla F. Response of antioxidant systems and leaf water relations to NaCl stress in pea plants. New Phytol. 1999;141(2):241–51.
Agastian P, Kingsley SJ, Vivekanandan M. Effect of Salinity on Photosynthesis and Biochemical Characteristics in Mulberry Genotypes. Photosynthetica. 2000;38(2): 287–90. DOI: 10.1023/A:1007266932623
Husen A, Iqbal M, Aref IM. IAA-induced alteration in growth and photosynthesis of pea (Pisumsativum L.) plants grown under salt stress. J. Environ Biol. 2016;37:421–9.
Mimouni H, Wasti S, Manaa A, Gharbi E, Chalh A, Vandoorne B, Lutts S, Ahmed HB. Does salicylic acid (SA) improve tolerance to salt stress in plants? A study of SA effects on tomato plant growth, water dynamics, photosynthesis, and biochemical parameters. OMICS J Integr Biol. 2016;20:180–90.
Khan MIR, Asgher M, Khan NA. Alleviation of salt-induced photosynthesisand growth inhibition by salicylic acid involves glycinebetaineand ethylene in mungbean (Vignaradiata L.). Plant PhysiolBiochem. 2014;80:67–74.
Senaratna T, Touchell D, Bunn E, Dixon K. Acetyl salicylic acid (Aspirin) and salicylic acid induce multiple stress tolerance in bean and tomato plants. Plant Growth Regul. 2000;30(2):157–61. DOI: 10.1023/A:1006386800974
Don KKG, Xia YP, Zhu Z, Le C, Wijeratne AW. Some deleterious effects of long-term salt stress on growth, nutrition, and physiology of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii L.) and potential indicators of its salt tolerance. J Plant Nutr. 2010;33(13):2010–27.
Kapila GDK, Xia Yi, Ping BBMVS, Zhu Zhujun. Ultrastructural changes induced by long-term nacl salt stress in leaf and root cells of gerbera. Indian J Hortic. 2009; 66(4):551–53.
Jini D, Joseph B. Physiological Mechanism of Salicylic Acid for Alleviation of Salt Stress in Rice. Rice Science. 2017; 24(2):97-108.
Klessig DF, Malamy J. The salicylic acid signal in plants. Plant Mol Biol. 1994;26(5):1439–58. DOI: 10.1007/BF00016484
Yildirim E, Turan M, Guvenc I. Effect of foliar salicylic acid applications on growth, chlorophyll, and mineral content of cucumber grown under salt stress. J Plant Nutr. 2008;31(3):593–612. DOI: 10.1080/01904160801895118
He YL, Liu Q. Thermotolerance related to antioxidation induced by salicylic acid and heat acclimation in tall fescue seedlings. J Plant PhysiolMol Biol. 2002; 28:89-95.
Khan W, Prithiviraj B, Smith DL. Photosynthetic responses of corn and soybean to foliar application of salicylates. J Plant Physiol. 2003;160(5):485–92. DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-00865
Barkosky RR, Einhellig FA. Effects of salicylic acid on plant-water relationships. J Chem Ecol. 1993;19(2):237–47. DOI: 10.1007/BF00993692
Gunes A, Inal A, Alpaslan M, Eraslan F, Bagci EG, Cicek N. Salicylic acid induced changes on some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress and mineral nutrition in maize (Zeamays L.) grown under salinity. J Plant Physiol. 2007;164(6):728–36. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2005.12.009
Bhatia R, Singh KP, Jhang T, Sharma T. Assessment of clonal fidelity of micropropagated gerbera plants by ISSR markers. Sci. Hortic. 2009;119:208–11. DOI: 10.1016/j.scienta.2008.07.024
Sonneveld C, Straver N. Nutrient solutions for vegetables and flowers grown in water or substrates. Voedingspolossingen Glas. 1994;8(1)33.
Williams M, Senaratna T, Dixon K, Sivasithamparam K. Benzoic acid induces tolerance to biotic stress caused by Phytophthoracinnamomi in Banksia attenuata. Plant Growth Regul. 2003;41:89–91.
Lichtenthaler HK. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods Enzymol. 1987;148:350–82.
Meng R, Saade S, Kurtek S, Berger B, Brien C, Pillen K, et al. Growth curve registration for evaluating salinity tolerance in barley. Plant Methods. 2017;13:18. Available:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-017-0165-7
Schober P, Boer C, Schwarte LA. Correlation Coefficients: Appropriate Use and Interpretation, Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2018;126(5)1763-68. DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000002864
NikaljeGC, Variyar PS, Joshi MV, Nikam TD, Suprasanna P. Temporaland spatialchangesin ion homeostasis,antioxidantdefenseand accumulation of flavonoidsand glycolipidin ahalophyte Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. PLo SONE. 2018;13(4):e0193394. Available:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193394
Mäkelä P, Kontturi M, Pehu E, Somersalo S. Photosynthetic response of drought‐and salt‐stressed tomato and turnip rape plants to foliar‐applied glycinebetaine. Physiol Plant. 1999;105(1):45–50.
Heuer B. Photosynthetic carbon metabolism of crops under salt stress.In: Pessarakli M, editor.Handbook of photosynthesis. New York; C.R.C. Press. 1997;887–96. Lazar T, Taiz L, Zeiger E. Plant physiology. 3rd ed. Ann Bot. 2003;91(6):750–51. DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcg079
Athar H, Ashraf M. Photosynthesis under drought stress. In: Pessarakli M, editor. Handbook of Photosynthesis. 2nd (Ed.). New York; C.R.C. Press. 2005;795–810.
Dubey RS. Photosynthesis in plants under stressful conditions. Handbook of photosynthesis. Marcel Dekker. 1996;859–75.
Pinheiroa HA, Silva JA, Endres L, Ferreira VM, Câmarac CA, Cabral FF et al. Leaf gas exchange, chloroplastic pigments and dry matter accumulation in castor bean (Ricinuscommunis L) seedlings subjected to salt stress conditions. Ind Crops Prod. 2008;27(3):385–92.
Stevens J, Senaratna T, Sivasithamparam K. Salicylic Acid Induces Salinity Tolerance in Tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum cv. Roma): Associated Changes in Gas Exchange, Water Relations and Membrane Stabilisation. Plant Growth Regul. 2006;49(1):77–83. DOI: 10.1007/s10725-006-0019-1
Li T, Hu Y, Du X, Tang H, Shen C, Wu J. Salicylic acid alleviates the adverse effects of salt stress in Torreyagrandis cv. merrilliiseedlings by activating photosynthesis and enhancing antioxidant systems. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10):9:e109492. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109492
Szepesi A, Csiszár J, Bajkán S, Gémes K, Horváth F, Erdei L. Role of salicylic acid pre-treatment on the acclimation of tomato plants to salt-and osmotic stress. ActaBiol Szeged. 2005;49(1-2):123–25.
Rai VK, Sharma SS, Sharma S. Reversal of ABA-Induced Stomatal Closure by Phenolic Compounds. J Exp Bot.1986;37(1):129–34. DOI: 10.1093/jxb/37.1.129
Downton WJS, Grant WJR, Robinson SP. Photosynthetic and stomatal responses of spinach leaves to salt stress. Plant Physiol. 1985;78(1);85–88.
Santos CV. Regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation by salt stress in sunflower leaves. Sci. Hortic (Amsterdam). 2004;103(1):93–99.
Tari I, Csiszár J, Szalai G, Horváth F, Pécsváradi A, Kiss G, et al. Acclimation of tomato plants to salinity stress after a salicylic acid pre-treatment. Acta Biol Szeged. 2002;46:55-56.
El-Tayeb MA. Response of barley grains to the interactive e.ect of salinity and salicylic acid. Plant Growth Regul. 2005;45(3):215–24. DOI: 10.1007/s10725-005-4928-1
Khodary SEA. Effect of salicylic acid on the growth, photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in salt stressed maize plants. Int J Agric Biol. 2004;6(1):5–8.
Mittler R. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends Plant Sci. 2002;7(9):405–10. DOI: 10.1016/s1360-1385(02)02312-9
Arfan M, Athar HR, Ashraf M. Does exogenous application of salicylic acid through the rooting medium modulate growth and photosynthetic capacity in two differently adapted spring wheat cultivars under salt stress?. J Plant Physiol. 2007;164(6):685–694. DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2006.05.010
Yamane K, Kawasaki M, Taniguchi M, Miyake H. Pretreatment with Antioxidants Decreases the Effects of Salt Stress on Chloroplast Ultrastructure in Rice Leaf Segments (Oryza sativa L.). Plant Prod. Sci. 2004;7:292–300. DOI: 10.1626/pps.7.292
Foyer CH, Descourvieres P, Kunert KJ. Protection against oxygen radicals: an important defence mechanism studied in transgenic plants. Plant Cell Environ. 1994;17(5):507–23.
Barhoumi Z, Djebali W, Chaibi W, Abdelly C, Smaoui A. Salt impact on photosynthesis and leaf ultrastructure of Aeluropuslittoralis. J Plant Res. 2007;120(4):529–37.
Torgasheva EG. Ultrastructural changes in the chloroplasts of leaf mesophyll in Morus alba (moraceae) under conditions of aluminiumplant. Bot Zhurnal. 1984;69:921-925.
Gao HJ, Yang HY, Bai JP, Liang XY, Lou Y, Zhang JL, et al. Ultrastructural and physiological responses of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plantlets to gradient saline stress. Front Plant Sci. 2015;13(5):787. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00787 PMID: 25628634; PMCID: PMC4292236.
Mitsuya S, Takeoka Y, Miyake H. Effects of sodium chloride on foliar ultrastructure of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) plantlets grown under light and dark conditions in vitro, J Plant Physiol. 2000;157(6):661–67. DOI: 10.1016/S0176-1617(00)80009-7
Sánchez-Blanco MJ, Rodríguez P, Olmos E, Morales MA, Torrecillas A. Differences in the effects of simulated sea aerosol on water relations, salt content, and leaf ultrastructure of rock-rose plants. J Environ Qual. 2004;33(4):1369–75. DOI: 10.2134/jeq2004.1369
Qiu D, Lin P, Su J. Relationship of leaf ultrastructure of mangrove Kandeliacandel (L.) Druce to salt tolerance. J For Sci. 2005;51:476-80. DOI: 10.17221/4581-JFS
Yamane K, Kawasaki M, Taniguchi M, Miyake H. Differential effect of NaCl and polyethylene glycol on the ultrastructure of chloroplasts in rice seedlings. J Plant Physiol. 2003;160(5):573–75. DOI: 10.1078/0176-1617-00948
Günes A, Inal A, Alpaslan M. Effect of salinity on stomatal resistance, proline, and mineral composition of pepper. J Plant Nutr. 1996;19(2):389–96. DOI: 10.1080/01904169609365129
Flowers TJ, Duque E, Hajibagheri MA, McGonigle TP, Yeo AR. The effect of salinity on leaf ultrastructure and net photosynthesis of two varieties of rice: Further evidence for a cellular component of salt-resistance. New Phytol. 1985; 100(1):37–43.
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