Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry

Cost and Returns Analysis of Sugarcane Production in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India

C. V. Dhanusree — 2026-01-02

The study aims to identify the socioeconomic profile of farmers, calculate different input prices, net returns per-acre in different sizes of farms, and propose evidence-based policies to stabilize agricultural income. The study has a sample of 120 sugarcane-producing households that were chosen by the use of a multistage random sampling method among four representative villages in the selected blocks. The structured interview schedules were used to gather primary data in the agricultural year 2025. A percentage test was used to assess the proportion of the ratio input of factors and the resultant revenue system of marginal, small, medium, and large farms. The findings showed that sugarcane farmer incurs 62.90 percent on hired workers, which is the most important cost element because there is industrial competition in the area regarding the availability of the workforce. A net average of 31,233 per acre was achieved in the study. Even an examination of farm sizes shows that the highest level of the economies of scale is achieved at the range of 5.0-7.5 acre that produces the best relative net returns. The study suggests that one should embrace the use of labour-saving technologies and micro-irrigation systems. Intervention by the government is proposed to give fair credit support and to correct price-fixing systems (FRP), such that they reflect properly increasing costs of labour and inputs.

Analysis of Land Use-land Cover Mapping and Vegetation Status of Kechemo Watershed, Keyih Tekli District, Central Zone of Tigray, Ethiopia

Haftaye Hadush — 2026-01-08

Assessing the Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) type of a watershed is crucial for environmental management, urban planning, agriculture, disaster mitigation and sustainable development. In Ethiopia, Climate Action through Landscape Management (CALM) Program for Results has been participating in land degradation reduction activities. And currently, it has expanded its program in to Tigray region, Kechemo watershed. However, the current LULC type and vegetation status of the watershed have not been studied, making it impossible to observe and evaluate changes resulting from the program's intervention. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess and map the current land use type of Kechemo watershed. Sentinel 2 image (2024 and 2025) was used to determine the land use and the vegetation index of the watershed. The land use type was classified with the help of supervised classification method using support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Besides, the vegetation index of the watershed was determined using NDVI and OSAVI vegetation index. The results show that the watershed consists of cultivated land (66.94%), shrub land (28.96%), bare land (3.46%), and settlements (0.64%). The overall accuracy and kappa coefficient was 90.04% and 0.87 respectively. In addition, the NDVI and OSAVI value is highest in autumn (0.436) and lowest in winter (-0.111) season. Averagely, about 56.3% and 42.2% vegetation index of the watershed is classified under low vegetation class and bare land respectively. Therefore, it is recommended to give more emphasis to restore the vegetation resource of the watershed to improve the ecosystem service of the watershed.

Identification of the Potential for Increasing the Economic Value of Arabica Coffee as a Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) on Lombok Island

L. Sukardi — 2026-01-13

Arabica coffee on Lombok Island has significant potential as a Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) that integrates ecological sustainability, community livelihoods, and economic value within forest-based agroforestry systems. This study aims to identify existing potentials and formulate strategies to enhance the economic value of Arabica coffee as an NTFP through an agroforestry-based approach. A qualitative case study was conducted in major Arabica coffee production areas within forest and agroforestry landscapes in Sajang and Sembalun, using interviews, field observations, document analysis, and focus group discussions, with data analyzed thematically. The results show that Lombok Arabica coffee has strong biophysical and ecological advantages, including high-altitude conditions, a cool climate, fertile volcanic soils, and sustainable agroforestry practices, which produce high-quality beans with distinctive sensory characteristics suitable for specialty coffee markets. However, its economic potential has not been fully optimized due to uneven productivity, limited adoption of improved cultivation and post-harvest technologies, weak farmer institutions, lack of certification, and constrained market access and branding. This study identifies seven strategic pillars for strengthening the economic value of Arabica coffee as an NTFP, encompassing improved agroforestry based cultivation, post-harvest innovation and quality assurance, circular economy oriented product diversification, collective certification schemes, cooperative strengthening and digitalization, Geographic Indication based branding, and supportive local government policies. These strategies provide practical guidance for policymakers and community-based forest managers in promoting sustainable NTFP development and rural livelihoods in tropical forest landscapes.

Morphological Characterization and Distribution Survey of Endangered Adansonia digitata Linn. Tree Species in Ten Districts of Uttar Pradesh, India

Yashwant Rai — 2026-01-15

Adansonia digitata, is an exquisite endangered tree species in India. This tree has been declared as heritage site (according to biodiversity board, U.P.) in many districts such as Sichora village Mahoba, Hamirpur, kintoor Barabanki, Jhusi Pryagraj, district Industrial center Sultanpur and Nawab Wajid Ali Shah zoological Garden Lucknow. According to the prevalent legend in Kintoor Barabanki Sichora, Mahoba, Hamirpur, Sultanpur, Chandrashekhar Azad Park, Prayagraj. Adansonia digitata trees are recognized as the sacred Parijat and kalpavriksha or wishing tree of Indian mythology. The unique shape and external structure of this tree's trunk have attracted environmentalists, botanists, research scholar and tourists over the past few years. The districts were selected based on the prevalence of Adansonia digitata species. This paper represent data on the number, age, included distribution Adansonia digitata trees, girth size, flowering and fruiting period; and recorded parameters such as fruit shape, fruit size, fresh fruit weight, dry fruit weight, number of seeds per fruit, pulp weight, and seed weight, seed coloured and seed length from the 13 study sites. The survey was conducted from November 24, 2012 to December 15, 2025. A total of 27 (15 flowering and 12 non flowering) Adansonia digitata trees were recorded from 13 study sites across 10 districts of Uttar Pradesh. The 07 fruiting trees were recorded at 5 locations (study sites). The percentage of fruiting trees was very less 25.92%. Almost it was travelled over 5000 kilometres during this fieldwork. Approximately 50,000 photographs of Adansonia digitata were taken from the 13 study sites during the Survey period. The main centre of research work was I.P. (P.G.) College first campus, Bulandshahr and Panchvati, Numaish Ground Bulandshahr. Very limited populations of this valuable tree species were recorded in Uttar Pradesh. The survey conducted on this tree species at 13 study sites across 10 districts of Uttar Pradesh will provide accurate information in the future.

Assessment of the Relationship Between Heavy Metal Content and Soil Chemical Properties in Soils of Contrasting Parent Materials in South East Nigeria

Nwanne, A. J. — 2026-01-16

This study investigated the influence of parent materials and soil properties on the distribution and concentration of heavy metals in soils in South East Nigeria. Three farms were sampled in each parent material at 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm depths using soil auger and analyzed for selected physical and chemical properties alongside zinc, copper and lead concentrations following standard methods. The experiment was laid out as a 4×3 factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four levels of factor A (parent material) - shale, alluvium, sandstone and coastal plain sand and three levels of factor B (Soil Depth). Data collected was subjected to two-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Genstat 12, significant means were separated using Fishers Least Significant Difference (F-LSD) and the relationship between heavy metal content and soil chemical properties in the parent materials was analyzed using Pearson correlation matrix plot. Soils generally showed moderate (pH = 5.6-6.0) to strongly acid (pH <5.5). Organic matter was lower in subsurface soils but moderate at 0-20cm depth (values ranged between 1.5-2.0%) and available phosphorus was seen to be moderate across all parent materials and depths studied (8-20mg/kg). Exchangeable calcium was low (<5cmol/kg), while magnesium recorded moderate to low values and potassium was generally moderate (values ranged from 0.2-0.4cmol/kg). Results also indicated clear relationships between soil properties and heavy metals in the different soil parent materials. Zn, Cu and Pb positively correlated with AP, total nitrogen and organic matter while negative correlations were observed with clay in sandstone developed soils. Zinc and lead had no observed relationship with soil properties in soils developed from shale and alluvium respectively whereas lead positively correlated with sand, calcium and magnesium in coastal plain sand. Shale derived soils exhibited the highest metal concentrations due to their fine texture and mineral rich composition while soils developed from sandstone and coastal plain sands contained significantly lower levels reflecting their lower chemical activity. The soils were generally dominated by zinc followed by lead and the least metal therein was copper. The study recommends regular monitoring of heavy metals especially those formed from metal rich parent materials, soil fertility improvement using organic amendments, adoption of soil specific management strategies and sustainable land use practices.

Determining the Cost of Production, Break-Even Point, and Sensitivity Analysis of Oyster Mushroom Chips Production

Leony Artamepia — 2026-01-17

Oyster Mushroom Etam (JATAM) is the only MSME producing packaged oyster mushroom chips in Samarinda City. This study aims to determine the calculation and comparison of production costs currently applied by JATAM MSME, using the full costing and variable costing methods, determine the break-even point, and measure the business's sensitivity to changes in the break-even point. The research method used was a case study. Data were analyzed using production cost calculation methods, namely full costing and variable costing, as well as break-even point (BEP) analysis and sensitivity analysis. The results show that JATAM MSME's method resulted in a production cost of IDR 12,182.20 per package. The full costing method resulted in the highest production cost of IDR 13,077.86 per package because it takes into account all variable and fixed costs, while the variable costing method resulted in a production cost of IDR 12,832.20 per package. The break-even point (BEP) for sales revenue was IDR 400,812.00, with a production volume of 2,004.06 grams (23 packages of JATAM chips). The sensitivity of JATAM chips production is seen in the 7% increase in production costs, which resulted in an increase in the BEP for sales revenue to IDR 546,694.00, and an increase in the BEP for production volume to 2,733.47 grams (32 packages of JATAM chips). JATAM MSMEs are advised to use the full costing method in determining the cost of goods manufactured, so that all production cost components can be fully and accurately accommodated. Furthermore, it is important for MSMEs to periodically calculate the break-even point and conduct sensitivity analysis to anticipate cost changes that could impact business viability.

Runoff and Sediment Yield Analysis at Ariqua Watershed, Tekeze Basin, Ethiopia: An Approach for Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model

Meresa Weleslasie — 2026-01-19

Ethiopia’s main issues are the degradation of land and water resources. SWAT2012, a physically based watershed model, was used to this work to analyze runoff and sediment yield analysis in the Ariqua watershed. Estimating the runoff, analyzing the sediment yield, and prioritize the most erodible sub- watersheds were the main objectives of this research. A 30 x 30 m DEM (Digital Elevation Model), a soil map, and a land use map were utilized to set up the model for simulation. The daily recorded weather data from 1991 to 2015 were used as input to the model. For the SWAT simulation, daily stream flow and sediment data from 2001 to 2015 were used. Both automated and manual calibration methods were used to calibrate the model. Calibration took place throughout the frist sixyears (2006-2011), where as validation was place during the remaining years (2012-2015). To assess the model’s performance, sensitivity analysis, model calibration, and validation were also carried out. Thirteen sensitive parameters were identified for flow of which runoff curve number for SCS moisture condition (CN2) was the most sensitive one and ten sensitive parameters were identified for sediment of which soil erodibility factor (USLE_K) was the most sensitive. Model calibration and validation were assessed using Nash Sutcliffe (ENS) and the coefficient of determination (R²). Both showed a good model performance agreement (model of fitness) between the simulated and measured monthly flow and sediment yield. The 15-years average observed and simulated stream flow created according the model prediction result, was 137 m³/s and 124 m³/s, respectively, while the sediment yield was 12.54 ton/ha/yr and 13.92 ton/ha/yr. Sub-watersheds (SWT-23) and (SWT-20) produced high stream flow rates of 383.5 m³/s and 287.3 m³/s, respectively, out of the 23 sub-watersheds.

Efficient Application of Elephant Dung on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Cultivation through Vermicomposting

S.L. Nawarathna — 2026-01-23

Elephant dung (ED) is one of the major waste products that cause the spread of pathogens, bad odours, and waste gases, creating an unpleasant environment. Vermicomposting is a beneficial way to dispose ED to reduce the problem engaged. Therefore, the present study aimed to utilize ED for okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) cultivation (variety Radha) through vermicomposting using the earthworm species Eisenia fetida. The experiment was conducted at the University of Colombo Institute for Agro-technology and Rural Sciences (UCIARS), Weligatta, Hambantota, Sri Lanka, from December 2024 to April 2025. Two separate experiments were carried out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications for each treatment of Experiment 01, and four replications for each treatment of Experiment 02. The first experiment consisted of 7 treatments containing different ratios of cow dung, and ED decomposed for 24 hours, 7 days and 30 days. The second experiment consisted of 9 potting mixtures prepared by mixing top soil and sand with typical compost and vermicompost produced from each treatment of Experiment 01. In the first experiment, the pH value of all treatments were in a slightly alkaline range of 7.28 – 7.92, and with a significant difference among them. Nitrogen and Potassium contents varied significantly among treatments with E₁T₂ (24 hours decomposed ED) producing a higher nitrogen level of 1.25% and a higher potassium level of 0.034%. The phosphorus content remained statistically insignificant among treatments within a range of 0.19 – 0.42%. The earthworm count increased 9-12 folds in different treatments with E₁T₂and E₁T₄ (7 days decomposed ED) producing higher results (562 and 566 respectively) compared to others, indicating the suitability of ED as a substrate for E. fetida. The vermicompost yield produced significant differences among treatments within a range of 3.95 - 5.08kg, with E₁T₆ (30 days decomposed ED) and E₁T₇ (30 days decomposed ED + cow dung) performing better than other treatments, producing 5.08kg and 5.01kg respectively. In the second experiment, plant height, number of leaves per plant, days to flowering, and the total yield did not differ significantly among treatments. Therefore, the findings of this experiment reveal the potential of vermicompost prepared from ED as an eco-friendly and sustainable approach for ED waste management, and okra cultivation without negatively affecting its yield.

Strategıc Transformatıon ın Land Use: The Declıne of Fallow Lands and Agrıcultural Intensıfıcatıon

Fatma KAPLAN — 2026-01-28

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the strategic transformation in agricultural land use in Turkey, focusing on the rapid decline of traditional fallow practice between 2015 and 2024. Utilizing official data from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat), the research quantifies a dramatic nationwide reduction of 35.5% in fallow area, from 41.1 million to 26.6 million decares. Spatial analysis at the NUTS-1 level reveals that this decline is markedly non-uniform, being concentrated in the arid and semi-arid interior regions where fallow is most critical for risk management. The most pronounced regional contraction occurred in Eastern Anatolia (TRB), with a decline of 30.9%, followed by significant losses in Central Anatolia (TR7). The investigation further identifies the primary land-use shifts driving this transformation. The analysis demonstrates that abandoned fallow lands are predominantly being converted to continuous cereal cultivation, indicating an intensification of the traditional crop rotation system, and to a lesser extent, to irrigated perennial crops such as orchards. While this shift signifies a move towards agricultural intensification with potential short-term gains in land productivity and output, the study critically examines its sustainability trade-offs. The concurrent expansion of water-intensive agriculture and the loss of a vital soil moisture-replenishment mechanism create a "dual threat," exacerbating pressures on already over-exploited groundwater resources and increasing risks of soil organic matter depletion, erosion, and long-term degradation. Concluding that the unchecked continuation of this trend poses significant risks to the resilience of Turkey's agricultural systems, particularly under climate change scenarios, the study advocates for an urgent policy reorientation. It recommends an integrated strategy based on: (1) promoting "smart fallow" systems using cover crops, (2) facilitating a transition to conservation agriculture principles, (3) accelerating the dissemination of drought-resistant crop varieties, and (4) implementing strict, basin-based water management alongside advanced irrigation technologies. The findings underscore that managing this land-use transformation is imperative for balancing productivity goals with the ecological limits of water and soil resources to ensure long-term food security and agricultural sustainability. This study's originality lies in its detailed, spatially explicit analysis of a critical yet understudied transition within Turkish agriculture.

Credit Utilization Patterns among Smallholder Farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria

Tolulope O. Oladotun-Oluwajana — 2026-01-29

This study investigated the utilization patterns of agricultural credit among smallholder farmers in Ondo State, Nigeria. Primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to selected farmers across major agricultural communities using a multistage sampling technique. At the final stage, a formula was used to determine the appropriate sample size from the sampling frame obtained from the Ondo State Agricultural Development Project (ADP). Weighted mean, percentages, frequency count and standard deviation were employed to analyze credit use patterns and their influencing factors. Findings revealed that credit utilization was largely directed toward short-term operational and welfare needs rather than long-term productive investment. All the farmers who accessed credit applied a portion of the borrowed funds for the purchase of farm inputs, such as seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides $\bar{X}$= 3.36), 82.5% of the farmers utilized their funds for labour hiring $\bar{X}$= 3.24). Other areas with significant proportions were for educational, healthcare, and family upkeep purposes with farmers committing 97.6%, 95.8% and 86.7% respectively to credit utilization. This underscores its dual function in sustaining both production and household welfare. Conversely, minimal allocation to farm expansion (65.5%), cultural practices (42.6%), and machinery acquisition (15.9%) indicated limited reinvestment capacity and persistent structural constraints, including small loan sizes and inadequate financial literacy. The study concludes that improving credit effectiveness among smallholder farmers requires policies that enhance loan accessibility, strengthen financial management capacity, and link credit with input and market support to foster sustainable agricultural growth.

Community Empowerment in Rehabilitation Activities Using Agroforestry Patterns: A Study in Loa Haur Training Forest, Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Andika Pratama Ardi — 2026-01-30

Community empowerment is a cornerstone of forest rehabilitation programs that apply agroforestry patterns, because sustained outcomes depend on local participation and the delivery of tangible socio-economic benefits. When participation is limited, rehabilitation initiatives often struggle to meet their objectives over the long term. This study aimed to (i) assess the level of community participation in agroforestry-based rehabilitation activities and (ii) identify factors associated with participation in the Special Purpose Forest Area (KHDTK) of the Loa Haur Training Forest, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The study was conducted from November 2022 to January 2023 in Tanijaya Hamlet, Batuah Village, using observations, questionnaires, and interviews with participating farmers and relevant local stakeholders. Participation was examined across two stages—planning and implementation—and its relationships with internal and external factors were analyzed. The results indicate that participation is associated with multiple internal factors. At the planning stage, land area managed, proximity to the BDK management center, income level, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation show significant relationships with participation; at the implementation stage, education level, proximity to BDK, income level, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation are significant. Participation is also associated with external factors. At the planning stage, BDK rules regarding participants’ rights and obligations, land distance, plant age and productivity, government support, and the attractiveness of cooperation are significant; at the implementation stage, these factors remain significant and are complemented by the availability of agricultural inputs. Based on these findings, empowerment strategies should prioritize strengthening human resources (BDK staff and farmers), improving technical skills in forest management, intensifying program socialization and action planning, enhancing cross-sector collaboration to address operational constraints, and strengthening central government engagement to support implementation and sustainability.

Evaluating the Dose-Dependent Effects of Gold Lotus Slow-Release Fertilizer Tablets on the Growth and Yield of Boro Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Mehedi Hasan — 2026-01-31

A pot experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, during the period from November 2021 to May 2022 to evaluate the impact of slow-release fertilizer (SRF) tablets on the yield performance of boro rice (BRRI dhan29). The experimental treatments were consisted with eight different levels of fertilizer management practices viz. T₁= Control (unfertilized), T₂= full recommended dose of NPK fertilizer, T₃ = 1 tablet/pot, T₄ = 2 tablets/pot, T₅ = 3 tablets/pot, T₆ = 4 tablets/pot, T₇ = 5 tablets/pot, T₈ = 6 tablets/pot. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) method with three replications. Result indicated that the highest straw yield (156 g/pot) was observed in T₈ treatment (6 tablets/pot) and the highest grains yield (67.33 g/pot) was recorded in T₄ treatment (2 tablets/pot. Results of the study exhibit that 2 tablets/pot showed the best result with yield and yield contributing characters. Therefore, the present study could be a dose of 2 tablets/pot was optimal under these pot conditions, but field validation is required. Based on the results, application of 2 SRF tablets per pot is recommended as it produced the highest grain yield and superior yield-contributing traits of boro rice (BRRI dhan29) under pot conditions. However, field-scale validation is necessary before making broader agronomic recommendations.

Persistent Inequalities and Ecological Pressure: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Gnetum africanum (Eru) Value Chain in Cameroon

Louis Njie Ndumbe — 2026-02-02

Gnetum africanum (locally known as Eru in Cameroon) is a key non-timber forest product (NTFP) in Central Africa, playing an important role in rural livelihoods, household nutrition, and regional trade. This study conducts a comparative reassessment of the Eru value chain in the Mungo Division of Cameroon, building on a 2009 baseline to analyze changes in environmental, social, and economic dimensions over a 16-year period. Using a mixed-methods design, cross-sectional data were collected from 278 actors across the subdivisions of Bonalea, Dibombari, and Mbanga through structured questionnaires, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The results point to persistent and marked economic inequalities along the chain. Harvesters remain the most disadvantaged group, earning an estimated US$864 – US$1,296 annually, with average profit margins of about US$1.60 per kilogramme. In contrast, traders capture a larger share of the value, with annual incomes ranging from US$1,923.5 to US$2,350.9 and margins of approximately US$2.67 per kilogramme. From an environmental perspective, production continues to rely overwhelmingly on wild harvesting. Although domestication has increased slightly, from 5% in 2009 to 12% in 2025, destructive practices such as vine uprooting are still widespread, posing a serious threat to resource regeneration. Social analysis reveals a strongly gendered value chain. Women dominate both harvesting (72%) and trading (over 90%), yet they remain constrained by limited bargaining power, weak collective organization, and generally low levels of formal education. Overall, when compared with the 2009 baseline, the Eru value chain shows signs of intensified commercialization alongside growing socio-ecological stress. The study concludes that without targeted and coordinated interventions, particularly to promote domestication, strengthen trade formalization, and empower producer groups led by women, the long-term sustainability of this important NTFP remains uncertain.

A Systemic Approach to Enhancing the Economic Value of Arabica Coffee as a Leading Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) on Lombok Island

L. Sukardi — 2026-02-19

Arabica coffee cultivated on Lombok Island, particularly in the Sembalun highlands, is produced within forest-based agroforestry systems and demonstrates high sensory quality (cupping score: 82.25), positioning it as a potential leading Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP). Despite this potential, limited downstream processing, fragmented supply chain coordination, and weak farmer institutional capacity constrain its economic performance. Previous studies on Indonesian coffee have largely emphasized production and marketing aspects, with limited attention to a systemic framework integrating value chains, institutional strengthening, and cross-sectoral linkages within forest landscapes. This study proposes a systemic approach to enhancing the economic value of Arabica coffee as an NTFP. Using a qualitative design, primary data were collected from 32 informants including farmers, cooperative managers, local government representatives, and tourism actors through in-depth interviews and three focus group discussions conducted between March-August 2025. Field observations and document analysis complemented the data, which were analyzed using thematic analysis and triangulation techniques to ensure validity. The findings reveal that value enhancement opportunities lie in (1) strengthening origin-based branding and geographical identity, (2) adopting locally appropriate post-harvest technologies, (3) promoting product diversification through circular economy practices, (4) developing inclusive financing and collective certification schemes, and (5) integrating coffee development with ecotourism initiatives. The study formulates a systemic framework linking production innovation, institutional capacity, market integration, and social dynamics within forest landscapes. Practically, the results provide actionable recommendations for farmer cooperatives, local governments, and development agencies to transition from raw bean marketing toward higher-value, certified, and tourism-linked coffee products. The study contributes to the literature on NTFP value enhancement by advancing a cross-sectoral and institutionally grounded model for sustainable agroforestry-based economic development.

Diversity of Bambusicolous Endophytic Fungi Associated with Dendrocalamus strictus in Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India

T. Meghna — 2026-02-28

Bamboo belongs to Poaceae, the grass family. As a major Non-Timber Forest Product, it has been an important source of livelihood. Despite its significant use in socio-economic aspects, bamboo species also harbor important fungal endophytes. In the present study, 79 isolates of endophytic fungi were obtained from the roots, stems, and leaves of Dendrocalamus strictus collected from three different locations in Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India. A total of 30 isolates were obtained from the roots, 24 from the stems, and 25 from the leaves. The fungal isolates belonged to the phylum Ascomycota and were categorized into 10 genera based on morphology and microscopic examination. Isolates that were unable to sporulate were classified as ‘mycelia sterilia.’ Sordariomycetes was the most dominant class, followed by Eurotiomycetes. Fusarium oxysporum and Nigrospora sphaerica were common at two of the sites, while F. oxysporum, Calonectria kyotensis, and Apiospora arundinis were common in both the roots and the stems. The diversity of the bambusicolous endophytic fungi of Doon Valley was analyzed for the first time. Site 3 had the highest diversity index, while the leaves had a higher diversity index compared to the roots and stems. The study initiated the development of a reservoir of endophytic fungal strains and cataloguing of the bambusicolous endophytic fungi in the Garhwal hills of Uttarakhand was initiated.

Trend in Area, Production and Productivity of Groundnut in Maharashtra

Shashikant R. Memane — 2026-03-02

Groundnut is one of the most important oilseed and cash crops cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Globally, India is the second-largest groundnut-producing country after China, with a 19 percent share. The present study examines the growth performance and instability in the area, production, and productivity of groundnuts in Maharashtra over a twenty-five-year period, from 1998–99 to 2022–23. The present study is based on secondary sources of data, which are obtained from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India. Data is analyzed by applying statistical techniques, such as compound annual growth rate, coefficient of variation, and the Cuddy-Della Valle instability index. In Maharashtra, the highest area (542.5 thousand ha) and production (667.3 thousand tonnes) of groundnut were recorded in 1998-99. The compound annual growth rates of area and production have shown significant negative trends, which are 2.58 percent and 2.08 percent, respectively. The productivity of groundnut is increased from 2020-21 onward. The area and production of groundnut recorded a negative trend. In contrast, productivity showed a marginal positive growth rate of 0.51 percent, which was statistically non-significant. Cuddy Della Valle instability shows that there is low instability in the area, production, and productivity of groundnut in Maharashtra, which are 10.52, 14.88, and 9.26, respectively, indicating relative stability in fluctuations over time. The decline in area and production of groundnut is largely attributed to crop substitution, particularly the expansion of soybean cultivation. The findings of the study is helpful for researchers and policymakers in designing strategies to enhance sustainable oilseed production.

Agro-Food Processing Units and Their Contribution to Sustainable Development: Evidence from Butanyerera Province, Burundi

Dieudonné Nshimirimana — 2026-03-06

Agriculture sector in Burundi contributes more than 30% of the GDP and employs over 85% of the active population. Despite its importance, the sector remains characterized by low productivity, limited value addition, and high post-harvest losses. Agro-food processing is recognized as a strategic lever for improving income generation, and employment creation.

This study assesses the role of agro-food processing units in promoting sustainable development in Butanyerera Province, Burundi.

The study employed the mixed-methods approach to collect data, combining documentary review and field data collected from 33 agro-food processing units between November 2024 to and February 2025 through semi-structured interviews using Kobo Collect. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and EFA, while qualitative data were analyzed and triangulated with statistical results.

The study showed that the beverage (30.3%) and flour processing (27.3%) were the dominant activities. Employment increased significantly over time, particularly in beverage and flour units. ANOVA results revealed that product quality (p = 0.001) and product type (p = 0.001) significantly influenced quantity demanded, with strong explanatory power (R² = 0.959). Marketing strategies showed no significant effect (p = 1.000). A majority of enterprises contributed to the valorization of local agricultural products (69.7%) and reduction of post-harvest losses (36.4%). However, only 21.2% provided social security coverage, and renewable energy adoption remained limited (12.1%).

The study recommends the strengthening technical capacity, improving access to finance, promoting renewable energy adoption, formalizing enterprises, and investing in infrastructure to enhance the sustainability and competitiveness of agro-food processing in Burundi.

Comparative Analysis of Volatile Constituents in Native Salvia Species (Lamiaceae) of Isparta, Türkiye Using HS-SPME/GC-MS

Mustafa Şengel — 2026-03-07

Aims: To comprehensively characterize the volatile metabolite profiles of thirteen Salvia taxa naturally distributed in Isparta Province (south-western Türkiye) and to evaluate their chemotaxonomic relationships based on volatile composition.

Study Design: Experimental laboratory-based phytochemical and multivariate chemotaxonomic study.

Place and Duration of Study: Plant materials were collected from naturally occurring populations in Isparta Province, south-western Türkiye, during systematic floristic surveys. Chemical analyses were conducted in the laboratory following sample collection.

Methodology: Thirteen taxa (Salvia viridis, S. bracteata, S. sclarea, S. absconditiflora, S. cadmica, S. tomentosa, S. aethiopis, S. frigida, S. argentea, S. palaestina, S. virgata, S. verticillata, and S. syriaca) were identified during field surveys. Volatile metabolites were extracted using headspace solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Identified compounds were classified into major chemical groups and quantified based on relative abundance percentages. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed to evaluate interspecific variation and chemotaxonomic differentiation among taxa.

Results: Between 40 and 49 volatile constituents were identified per taxon. Monoterpene hydrocarbons and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons represented the dominant chemical classes across species; however, their relative abundances varied markedly among taxa. Multivariate analyses demonstrated clear chemotaxonomic separation of species based on volatile profiles. Trans-caryophyllene, α-pinene, p-cymene, linalool and germacrene D were identified as major discriminatory metabolites contributing strongly to interspecific differentiation.

Conclusion: The studied Salvia taxa exhibit substantial interspecific variation in volatile composition. The results provide a comprehensive assessment of chemical diversity within the Isparta flora and establish a robust chemotaxonomic framework that may support future phytochemical, pharmacological and industrial applications.

Impact of Integrated Fertilization and Management Practices on Coffee Production in Butanyerera Province, Burundi (2014–2017)

Dieudonné Nshimirimana — 2026-03-10

Coffee is Burundi’s principal export crop, accounting for approximately 60–70% of foreign exchange earnings, yet the sector faces declining yields, strong production cyclicality, aging plantations, and deteriorating quality. This study assessed the impact of integrated fertilization and management practices on coffee yield and quality in Ngozi Province from 2014 to 2017.

A randomized complete block design was implemented in four communes (Busiga, Kiremba, Mwumba, and Tangara). The experiment compared 144 fertilized plantations (organic, mineral, and mixed fertilization combined with plant protection) with 144 unfertilized control plantations. Coffee orchards were classified into four age groups (4–8, 9–20, 21–50, and ≥51 years). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson correlation tests to determine treatment effects and relationships between yield and quality indicators.

Results showed that fertilization significantly increased yield (P < 0.001), with treated plantations producing nearly three times more (3.44–3.58 kg tree⁻¹) than controls (1.26 kg tree⁻¹), regardless of fertilizer type. Coffee tree age significantly affected yield, and the age × year interaction indicated cumulative benefits from repeated fertilization. Importantly, older plantations remained productive when properly managed.

Fertilization also significantly improved quality. Floating cherry rates were reduced from 19.62% in controls to 6.40–7.30% in treated plantations, while bored cherry rates decreased from 1.87% to 0.31–0.38% (P < 0.001). Yield was negatively correlated with both floating and bored cherries.

Overall, sustained and integrated fertilization practices substantially enhance productivity, stabilize production, improve quality, and mitigate aging effects in Burundi’s coffee systems.

Climate Change and Food Security in Tanzania: A Review of Trends, Effects and Projections

Herry Zacharia Matinda — 2026-02-13

The purpose of this paper is to examine the trends, effects, and projections of climate change and food security in Tanzania. A systematic literature review design was used to collect, compare, and synthesize existing literature published between 2015 and 2025 based on climate change and food security in Tanzania. The analysis of the information collected in this study has been done through thematic analysis. The findings revealed that climate change has affected the agricultural sector and threatens the future status of food security in Tanzania. Also, results project that there is likely to be an obvious increase minimum and maximum temperature trends over the entire country in three future periods 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100 under both emission scenarios Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 and 4.5. Also, the study indicates that from 2021 to 2050, the annual rainfall cycle shows a slight decrease in monthly rainfall, especially from January to August, and an increase from September to December. The study concludes that climate change is significantly affecting food security in Tanzania. Although some regions remain food secure today, long-term stability is uncertain without coordinated actions. It recommends effective collaboration among government institutions, private sectors, and development partners as an essential way to accelerate progress toward achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Big Data Approaches for Agricultural and Health Systems Monitoring: Lessons for Sub-Saharan Africa from Global Experiences

Manfred Obinwanne Igwenagu — 2026-01-07

Big data enabled technologies are increasingly recognized as important tools for strengthening agricultural productivity and health systems monitoring, particularly in resource-constrained settings. This study presents a scoping review of existing evidence on the application of big data approaches including artificial intelligence, machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensing, and digital surveillance platforms for agricultural and health systems monitoring, with a focus on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2020 and 2025 were identified from major scientific databases and screened based on predefined eligibility criteria. Six studies met the inclusion criteria and were synthesized narratively. The findings indicate that big data applications in SSA are predominantly implemented at pilot or early operational stages, with limited large-scale integration across sectors. Common data sources included routine administrative records, sensor-generated data, remote sensing imagery, and digital reporting platforms. Reported benefits included improved timeliness, situational awareness, and decision support; however, implementation was constrained by infrastructure limitations, data quality challenges, limited analytical capacity, governance issues, and sustainability concerns. Evidence of integrated, multi-source surveillance particularly within One Health frameworks remains limited. Overall, this scoping review highlights both the potential and the current gaps in the use of big data approaches for agricultural and health systems monitoring in SSA. Context-sensitive implementation, capacity building, data governance, and institutional coordination are essential to translating technological innovation into sustainable improvements in food security and public health outcomes.

Emerging Insights into Climate, Forest and Wildlife Dynamics: Global Research Patterns, Interdisciplinary Developments, and Conservation Implications

Adarsh T — 2026-02-05

The accelerating impacts of climate change, widespread forest degradation, and escalating biodiversity loss have intensified global concern about the complex and interdependent relationships among climate, forest, and wildlife systems. These interactions influence ecosystem structure, habitat suitability, species distribution, and wildlife behaviour, thereby reshaping human and natural systems across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Over the past two decades, scientific literature addressing climate, forest, and wildlife dynamics has expanded significantly, exhibiting an annual growth rate of 15.06%, driven by advances in ecological modelling, remote sensing, biodiversity monitoring, climate analytics, and international conservation and policy frameworks. This study employs a comprehensive bibliometric approach to systematically examine the evolution, structure, and collaborative patterns of global research on climate, forest, and wildlife interactions. A total of 8,271 documents published between 2000 and 2025 were retrieved from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, spanning 1,423 scholarly sources. The dataset included 19,760 author keywords and 20,933 Keywords Plus, reflecting the thematic breadth and conceptual diversity of the field. Bibliographic records were analysed using the Bibliometrix package in RStudio to evaluate publication trends, source dynamics, citation impact, thematic diversity, keyword evolution, authorship patterns, and international collaboration networks, thereby revealing the intellectual structure and developmental trajectory of this research domain. The findings indicate that this field is rapidly expanding, strongly interdisciplinary, and characterized by robust collaboration alongside an increasingly diverse thematic scope. While the diversity of keywords and publication sources reflects conceptual richness and methodological innovation, it also highlights the absence of a standardized vocabulary and limited thematic consolidation. Growing global collaboration further underscores the increasing relevance of climate, forest, and wildlife research in addressing contemporary environmental challenges and informing policy decisions.

Preference and Importance of Goat Breeds in Households in the Diffa Region, Niger

Illo Souley Mahaman Hamissou — 2026-03-10

The Diffa Region is a livestock area par excellence in Niger, where transhumants, nomads and sedentary people raise various animal breeds. Among these breeds, only goats were concerned by this study. There are three goat breeds raised, namely the common Sahel goat, the variegated Sahel goat and the red goat of Maradi. The study will allow to better appreciate the perception of preference in goat breeds in the municipalities of the region of Diffa. To do this, 576 heads of households were interviewed in six municipalities. The collected data were analyzed with RStudio 4.4.3 software. The results from these analyses show that the population of all the municipalities prefers the common goat of the Sahel (SCG) with the number of responses varying from 10 to 93 and the variegated goat of the Sahel (SVG) from 17 to 58. Nevertheless, the breeders of Maïné-Soroa prefer the SVG breed more (min = 17 to max = 37). Significant differences were found between the preferences in CCS and SVG breeds with p-value ranging from 0.013 to 0.048. The communities prefer the CCS and SVG breeds more because they are economical. They multiply very quickly because they have twin births and they have a short interval between births. The economy is based on the breeding of goat breeds that are very popular because they have good butchering ability. The settled communities of the Diffa region have different appreciations for goat breeds depending on their agro-ecological zone. This is due to the varying potential of these breeds according to the agro-ecological zone.