Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry

Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in the Philippines: A Comparative Review

Angelo L. Lozano — 2025-09-12

Agroforestry, the integration of trees, crops, and livestock on the same land unit, is recognized as a sustainable practice for enhancing biodiversity, environmental restoration, and livelihoods. This mini review synthesizes six studies on agroforestry in the Philippines, focusing on its ecological services, socioeconomic benefits, and restoration potential. The review highlights agroforestry's role in soil conservation, water retention, biodiversity enhancement, and climate resilience. Socioeconomically, agroforestry supports income diversification, food security, and the integration of indigenous knowledge. However, adoption is hindered by land tenure issues, financial constraints, and technical challenges. The review identifies research gaps, particularly in long-term monitoring, socioeconomic viability, and climate change adaptation. To maximize agroforestry's potential, the review recommends stronger policy support, community engagement, and long-term research.

Integrating Agroforestry and Community-based Forest Management (CBFM) for Sustainable Land Use and Social Equity: A Mini Review

Reymark P. Rivera — 2025-10-06

Agroforestry and Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) offer complementary approaches for promoting sustainable land use and social equity. Agroforestry enhances soil fertility, nutrient cycling, biodiversity, carbon sequestration, and climate resilience, while CBFM provides participatory governance, tenure reform, and equitable resource access. This review synthesizes to examine their ecological, socioeconomic, and governance outcomes. The review highlights that agroforestry primarily supports ecological restoration and livelihood diversification, whereas CBFM strengthens community participation and social justice in forest stewardship. However, efforts to integrate these systems remain limited, with little evidence on how their joint application can simultaneously advance ecological restoration, livelihood security, and social justice. The review identifies research gaps, particularly in long-term soil health monitoring, the socioeconomic viability of agroforestry adoption, gender and social inclusion, and the role of integrated approaches in enhancing climate resilience. To address these gaps, the review recommends strengthening tenure security, aligning multi-level governance, expanding livelihood support, and fostering interdisciplinary research. Integrating agroforestry within CBFM frameworks presents a promising strategy to restore degraded lands, secure livelihoods, and advance sustainable, equitable, and climate-resilient upland development.

Assessment of Phytolith-Occluded Carbon Sequestration Potential in Uncultivated Grasses of Coimbatore, India

L. Arul Pragasan — 2025-09-03

Terrestrial biogeochemical carbon sequestration is recognised as a promising strategy to slow the rapid rise of atmospheric CO₂ levels and mitigate associated climate impacts. Recent studies highlight the occlusion of carbon within phytoliths as a stable and long-term carbon sequestration mechanism. The present study evaluates the carbon sequestration potential of five uncultivated grass species, Cenchrus ciliaris (L.), Setaria verticillata (L.) P. Beauv., Paspalum sumatrense Roth., Panicum maximum Jacq., and Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze through an analysis of carbon stock, phytolith content, phytolith morphotypes, and Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) in both above-ground biomass (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB). The study was conducted in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. Phytoliths were extracted from plant material using a dry ashing and acid digestion method. Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to test for significant differences among means, with the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test applied at P < 0.05. Correlation analysis between carbon stock and PhytOC was performed using SPSS software (version 21, IBM Corp., Chicago, USA). Biomass quantification revealed values ranging from 1.208 ± 0.010 kg/m² to 2.007 ± 0.005 kg/m² across the species. Phytoliths were extracted using the dry ashing method in a muffle furnace, followed by acid digestion. Results indicated that phytolith content was consistently higher in BGB compared to AGB in all species, with significant variation ranging from 0.1984 ± 0.0013 mg/g to 0.3384 ± 0.0044 mg/g. Notably, Setaria verticillata exhibited the highest PhytOC content in AGB, while Panicum maximum showed the highest PhytOC in BGB. The average PhytOC content in BGB ranged from 0.08% to 0.340%, highlighting its role in long-term carbon storage. Among all species, Cenchrus ciliaris displayed the greatest diversity of phytolith morphotypes, suggesting a higher capacity for silicon and carbon interaction. This study underscores the significant role of uncultivated grasses in carbon sequestration through phytolith formation and organic carbon occlusion. Given the stability and longevity of PhytOC in soils, these grasses represent a promising, nature-based solution for mitigating climate change. Promoting the conservation and restoration of such grasslands could enhance terrestrial carbon sinks and support sustainable land management practices.

Effects of Quarry Soil on Growth, Biomass and Nutritional Composition of Amaranths (Amaranthus cruentus)

Wewe, Adeola Oluwatoyin — 2025-09-20

This research work assessed the effects of quarry soil on morphology and nutritional composition of Amaranths (Amaranthus cruentus L.). Soil samples was collected from Sutol Crushed Rock Industries, Supare-Akoko, Ondo State, at a distance of 100m, 200m, 300m and 400m from the quarry site. The amaranths seed was sown into a perforated plastic bucket and replicated four times. Data collected were plant height, total number of green leaves, stem girth, leaf area and number of senescence leaves at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after planting and root length, total number of roots, fresh shoot weight, fresh root weight, dry root weight and root length at 8 weeks after planting. Proximate composition and total chlorophyll content of Amaranthus cruentus were also evaluated. The result showed soil collected at a distance of 400m has the highest plant height and fresh shoot weight at 8 weeks, 100m gave the highest number of green leaves, higher root length and total number of roots at 8 weeks. The result also revealed that soil collected at a distance of 300m has the highest number of leaf area and stem girth at 8 weeks. While Soil collected at a distance of 200m has higher fresh root weight at 8 weeks. Also, quarry soil had significant (P < 0.05) effect on the proximate composition of the Amaranthus cruentus adversely. Chlorophyll content was also depleted in 200-meter soil, though restored as the distance further increased. However, the leaf was able to mitigate the adverse effect of the quarry soil more, in comparison to stem. Conclusively, the planting of Amaranthus cruentus L. on quarry soil adversely affect the nutritional composition performance.as measured by the proximate and chlorophyll composition.

Effect of Different Parent Materials on Growth and Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Unwana-Afikpo, South East Nigeria

Nwanne, A. J — 2025-09-22

The study was conducted to assess the effect of different parent materials on growth and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) in Unwana South East, Nigeria. Four parent materials were selected: sandstone, coastal plain sand, shale and alluvium. Three farms were randomly selected in each parent material and composite samples collected from each farm at two different depths (0-20 and 20-40cm) using soil Auger. The soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory for selected physical and chemical properties following standard methods. Pot experiment was laid out as 4×2 factorial experiment in completely randomized design where three seeds of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) var. otukwuru omia obtained from local farmers were sown in each bucket and later thinned down to two after germination. Plant height, number of leaves, number of flowers, number of fruits and weight of fruits were measured. Data collected from the study were subjected to two-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) using Genstat 12 and the significant means separated using Fishers Least Significant Difference (F-LSD). Results revealed that soils generally showed moderate (pH = 5.6-6.0) to strongly acidic (pH <5.5). Soils also differed significantly in their Available P, Calcuim, Magnessium, potassium, Sodium, EA and BS contents. Alluvium soil recorded the highest values of Organic matter (2.64 %), AP (14 mg/kg), total nitrogen (0.13 %) Calcium (4.87 cmol/kg), Magnessium (2.0 cmol/kg), potassium (0.26 cmol/kg) and BS (80.59 cmol/kg) and the least values were recorded in sandstone. Tallest plants (42.45cm), heaviest fruits (22.56g), greater number of leaves (6.78) and flowers (4.89) were also observed in soil developed from alluvium. This study revealed that soil developed from alluvium consistently showed higher values of OM, Ca, Mg, K, Na, EA and BS contents which significantly differed from soil developed from other parent materials. This meant better nutrient availability, resulting in observed higher okra growth and productivity. The study recommends regular soil testing to ascertain soil fertility status, sustainable maintenance of alluvium soils and proper management of coastal plain sand, shale and particularly sandstone for greater crop productivity.

Effect of Land Use Types and Soil Depth on Selected Soil Physicochemical Properties in Sidama Regional State, Southern Ethiopia

Atnafu Asefa Kuta — 2025-09-28

Assessing the influence of land use on soil physic chemical properties is crucial for developing sustainable land management strategies. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different land uses and soil depth on selected soil properties in three randomly selected sites of Sidama regional state. 54 composite soil samples were collected from three land uses (cultivated land, enset and forest) at two soil depths (0-20cm and 20-40cm). In addition, undisturbed soil samples were collected using a core sampler to assess the bulk density. Laboratory analyses were conducted for selected soil properties following standard procedures. The results of the study revealed that land use and soil depth significantly influenced soil properties. Except particle size distribution, all measured soil properties were significantly influenced by land use types. Bulk density, total nitrogen and available phosphorus were found to be influenced by soil depth. Enset had the highest mean values for available phosphorus, total nitrogen, cation exchange capacity, while cultivated land had the lowest value for all soil properties excluding bulk density. The highest value of all soil properties under enset land use might be attributed to farmer’s practice of frequent application of manure and household refuses. Bulk density and clay content were increased with soil depth while sand, silt, pH, Av.P, total nitrogen was decreased with soil depth. The highest value of bulk density and lowest value of other measured soil parameters were might be attributed to frequent tillage without organic input application. This study indicated that the cultivation of land continuously without proper management leads to the deterioration of soil properties. From this study, it can be concluded that conversion of forest land to cultivated land can lead to soil fertility degradation. Therefore, continuous cultivation needs the application of organic amendments in combination with inorganic fertilizer for sustainable soil management.

Competitiveness of Nigerian Tea Production Using Policy Analysis Matrix Approach in Nigeria

Yahaya, Aderonke, T — 2025-10-14

The assessment of competitiveness and comparative advantage of tea production management systems in Nigeria was carried out. Data were collected from the respondents with the aid of structured questionnaire designed with open data kit (ODK) and the data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using Descriptive analysis, Private Profitability, Private Cost Ratio, Social Profitability and Domestic Resource Cost. Result indicated that most of the farmers (39.2%) were in the age range between 41-50 years of age. Majority of the tea farmers in the study area were male (63.7%) and thus dominated the tea farming in the study area. Household size of 6-10 persons had the highest proportion of the farmers (45.1%) in tea production. It was also evident that greater number of the farmers (40.2%) obtained secondary education. The two production management systems (owner- managed and sharecropping) had positive private profitability while the PCR values was less than unity, thus implying competiveness. The social profitability of both production management systems was #492,176.83 and #728,579.99for owner-managed and sharecropping respectively, whiles the Social Cost Benefit (SCB) and Domestic Resource cost was less than one. There is an indication that tea production in Nigeria is competitive and has comparative advantage.

Determinants of Pesticide Adoption among Farmers in Junagadh District, Gujarat, India

Mitkumar Nayi — 2025-09-24

Farmers in India face multiple challenges in adopting pesticides effectively, including limited awareness about proper usage, dosage, and safety precautions, which often leads to misuse and health risks. Economic constraints prevent smallholders from accessing high-quality or recommended products, while the prevalence of counterfeit or banned pesticides further complicates safe adoption. The study examines the factors influencing pesticide adoption among farmers in Junagadh district, Gujarat, India. A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to collect data from 300 respondents, including both 150 users and 150 non-users of pesticides. Logistic regression analysis identified farmers’ past experiences with pesticides as a key determinant of adoption. Past experiences are crucial in pesticide selection in Junagadh district and guiding farmers through proven outcomes and lessons learned. They help assess effectiveness, safety, and long-term impact on soil and pest resistance. Positive results encourage reuse, while failures prompt caution and innovation. To improve decision-making, farmers should document outcomes and share insights through local networks or extension services. The findings underscore the importance of providing hands on training, awareness programs, and demonstration trials to help farmers gain practical experience with safe and effective pesticide use. Strengthening extension services and promoting responsible pest management practices can enhance adoption, ensure crop protection, and support sustainable agricultural productivity in the region.

Assessment of Borehole Water Quality for the Growth and Yield of Sweet Melon (Cucumis melo L) Cultivation under Controlled Environment in North Central Nigeria

Haruna, A. A. — 2025-10-10

Water scarcity and variability in water quality remain a major challenge for agricultural productivity in Sub-saharan Africa. This study assessed the suitability of borehole water for irrigation and examined its effect on the growth, yield and water use efficiency of sweet melon (Cucumis melo L.) under controlled environment conditions in North-Central Nigeria. Physiochemical and microbial properties of borehole water were analysed and compared with (WHO) standards for irrigation. Results showed that all parameters including p^H, electrical conductivity, (EC), total dissolved solids(TDS) and microbial load, were within permissible limits, indicating that the water was suitable for crop production. A greenhouse experiment was conducted using three irrigation levels (100%, 80%, and 60% of crop evapotranspiration, ETc) in combination with four fertilizer application rate (0kg/h (F₀), 25kg/h (F₂₅), 50kg/h (F₅₀) and 75kg/h (F₇₅) of recommended dose). Findings revealed that plants irrigated at 80% ETc with 75% fertilizer application produced significantly higher fruit yield and superior water use efficiency compared to the control treatment (100% ETc with full fertilizer). Sever deficit irrigation (60% ETc) reduced fruit size and yield, though it improves water savings. The study concludes that borehole water in the region is safe for irrigation and that adopting moderate deficit irrigation with optimized fertilizer use offers a practical strategy for improving productivity and conserving water. These results have direct implications for farmers and policymakers, providing evidence-based recommendations for sustainable horticultural production in water-scarce environments.

Effects of Climate Change on Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility

Fatma KAPLAN — 2025-09-08

Climate change exerts profound and multifaceted impacts on the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum through rising temperatures, irregular rainfall patterns, elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, and the increasing frequency of droughts and extreme weather events. These alterations accelerate soil degradation, erosion, nutrient imbalances, and salinity problems, thereby diminishing soil fertility and threatening long-term agricultural sustainability. Beyond soils, plant physiology is also adversely affected, with disturbances in photosynthesis, nutrient uptake, water relations, and overall growth, which consequently reduce crop productivity. Recent studies further highlight the sensitivity of staple crops such as wheat, maize, and rice to climate-induced stresses, while legumes and horticultural crops display varying levels of tolerance and vulnerability. Moreover, shifts in microbial communities under changing climatic conditions influence nutrient cycling and carbon fluxes, amplifying negative feedback loops within ecosystems. Soil salinity, in particular, emerges as a critical challenge, limiting root nutrient uptake and exacerbating land degradation in arid and semi-arid regions. Given the cascading effects of climate change on food systems and ecological balance, urgent actions are required, including the adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices, enhancement of soil resilience through biochar and organic amendments, and protection of natural carbon sinks. Strengthening adaptive strategies and policy frameworks will be essential for sustaining food security and environmental health in the face of ongoing global change.